Sources

Primary: the 1978 project and its papers

• [STURP 1981]Shroud of Turin Research Project, A Summary of STURP's Conclusions, October 1981. https://www.shroud.com/78conclu.htm
• [Roster]STURP team roster. https://www.shroud.com/78team.htm
• [STURP exam page]The 1978 examination, shroud.com. https://www.shroud.com/78exam.htm
• [Schwortz 1978]Barrie Schwortz, the 1978 examination setup. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/schwortz2p.pdf
• [Schwortz 1988]Barrie Schwortz on the 1988 dating and STURP. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/schwortz1p.pdf
• [Albuquerque 1977]Proceedings of the 1977 United States Conference of Research on the Shroud of Turin. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/Full%20Proceedings%20-%20Albuquerque%201977%20OCR.pdf
• [Heller and Adler]J. H. Heller and A. D. Adler, "A Chemical Investigation of the Shroud of Turin," Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal 14 (1981). https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/Chemical%20Investigation%20%20Heller%20Adler%201981%20OCR.pdf
• [Miller and Pellicori]V. D. Miller and S. F. Pellicori, "Ultraviolet Fluorescence Photography of the Shroud of Turin," Journal of Biological Photography 49 (1981). https://shroud.com/pdfs/UV%20Fluorescence%20Miller%20Pellicori%201981%20OCRsm.pdf
• [XRF 1980]R. A. Morris, L. A. Schwalbe and J. R. London, "X-Ray Fluorescence Investigation of the Shroud of Turin," X-Ray Spectrometry 9 (1980). https://shroud.com/pdfs/XRay%20Fluorescence%20Morris%20Schwalbe%20London%201980%20OCRsm.pdf
• [Jumper and Mottern]E. J. Jumper and R. W. Mottern, "Scientific Investigation of the Shroud of Turin," Applied Optics 19 (1980). https://shroud.com/pdfs/Scientific%20Investigation%20Jumper%20Mottern%201980%20OCRsm.pdf
• [Schumacher]Peter M. Schumacher, "Photogrammetric Responses from the Shroud of Turin" (the VP-8). https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/schumchr.pdf
• [Bucklin]Robert Bucklin, "An Autopsy on the Man of the Shroud." https://www.shroud.com/bucklin.htm
• [Adler 1986]Alan Adler, Shroud Spectrum International 43 (1986). https://shroud.com/pdfs/ssi43part4.pdf
• [Adler 1999]Alan Adler, "The Nature of the Body Images on the Shroud of Turin" (1999). https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/adler.pdf
• [Rogers 2002]Raymond Rogers and Anna Arnoldi, "Scientific Method Applied to the Shroud of Turin" (2002). https://shroud.com/pdfs/rogers2.pdf
• [Rogers 2005]Raymond Rogers, "Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the Shroud of Turin," Thermochimica Acta 425 (2005). Record: https://www.shroud.com/late05.htm. Text: https://sindone.info/ROGERS-3.PDF
• [Kearse]Kelly Kearse on the blood evidence. https://shroud.com/pdfs/anc-kearse-pap2.pdf and https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/kearse4.pdf
• [Meacham]William Meacham, "The Authentication of the Turin Shroud," Current Anthropology 24 (1983). https://www.shroud.com/meacham2.htm
• [D'Muhala]Tom D'Muhala, shroud.com. https://www.shroud.com/dmuhala.htm
• [Chronology]shroud.com history and chronology. https://www.shroud.com/history.htm

Primary: dating, DNA, physics

• [Nature 1989]P. E. Damon et al., "Radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin," Nature 337 (16 February 1989), 611 to 615. https://www.nature.com/articles/337611a0 (text also at https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm)
• [Gove]Harry Gove, "Progress in radiocarbon dating the Shroud of Turin," Radiocarbon 31 (1989). https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon (verify article URL)to verify
• [Marinelli]Emanuela Marinelli, the setting for the radiocarbon dating. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/marinelliv.pdf
• [SSI 1988]Shroud Spectrum International 28/29 (1988), the Cardinal's announcement. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi2829part5.pdf
• [Arizona 2010]R. A. Freer-Waters and A. J. T. Jull, "Investigating a Dated Piece of the Shroud of Turin," Radiocarbon 52 (2010). https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/investigating-a-dated-piece-of-the-shroud-of-turin/8CC26C322198300E051C49A0BA5B96D9
• [Casabianca 2019]T. Casabianca, E. Marinelli, G. Pernagallo and B. Torrisi, "Radiocarbon Dating of the Turin Shroud: New Evidence from Raw Data," Archaeometry 61 (2019). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/arcm.12467
• [De Caro 2022]L. De Caro et al., "X-ray Dating of a Turin Shroud's Linen Sample," Heritage 5 (2022). https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/5/2/47
• [Barcaccia 2015]G. Barcaccia et al., "Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud," Scientific Reports 5 (2015). https://www.nature.com/articles/srep14484
• [Phillips 1989]T. J. Phillips, "Shroud irradiated with neutrons?" and R. E. M. Hedges' reply, Nature 337 (1989), 594. https://www.nature.com/articles/337594a0 (verify)to verify
• [ENEA]G. Baldacchini, account of the ENEA Frascati coloration work (RT/2011/14/ENEA). https://www.innovitateradix.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/BALDACCHINI-GIUSEPPE-Gli-studi-radiativi-della-Sindone-a-Frascati.pdf
• [Di Lazzaro]Paolo Di Lazzaro, quoted statements, via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_theories_about_the_Shroud_of_Turin (replace with the primary interview before launch)
• [Fanti 2004]G. Fanti and R. Maggiolo, "The double superficiality of the frontal image of the Turin Shroud," Journal of Optics A 6 (2004). (verify URL)to verify
• [Carlino retraction]PLOS ONE retraction notice, 19 July 2018, of Carlino et al. 2017. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ (verify article URL)to verify
• [Fanti 2010]G. Fanti et al., "Microscopic and Macroscopic Characteristics of the Shroud of Turin Image Superficiality," Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 54 (2010). (verify URL)to verify
• [Jackson]John Jackson, the collapsing-cloth hypothesis, shroud.com. (verify URL)to verify
• [Borrini and Garlaschelli]M. Borrini and L. Garlaschelli, "A BPA Approach to the Shroud of Turin," Journal of Forensic Sciences 64 (2019, online 2018). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1556-4029.13867
• [Vatican News 2026]Report on the Moraes study and its challenge, February 2026. https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2026-02/shroud-turin-medieval-bas-relief-hypothesis-challenged.html

Primary: history and textiles

• [d'Arcis]The memorandum of Bishop Pierre d'Arcis, c. 1389, full text. https://biblemysterypod.com/full-text-of-the-memorandum-of-bishop-pierre-darcis-alleging-that-the-shroud-of-turin-is-a-fraud/ and https://medievalshroud.com/pierre-darcis-bishop-of-troyes/
• [Sarzeaud 2025]Nicolas Sarzeaud, Journal of Medieval History (2025), the Oresme text. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03044181.2025.2546884
• [Poor Clares]The Poor Clares of Chambéry, report of the 1534 repair. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi02part6.pdf
• [Dembowski]Peter Dembowski on Robert de Clari's "figure." https://shroud.com/pdfs/ssi02part5.pdf
• [Guscin]Mark Guscin on the sermon of Gregory Referendarius. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/guscin3.pdf
• [Pia]Secondo Pia's own account of 1898. https://shroud.com/pdfs/ssi18part4.pdf
• [Raes]Gilbert Raes, the 1973 textile examination. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi3536part6.pdf
• [Tyrer]John Tyrer on the weave. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi06part6.pdf
• [Shamir]Orit Shamir, "A burial textile from the first century CE in Jerusalem compared to roman textiles in the land of Israel and the Turin Shroud," SHS Web of Conferences 15 (2015). https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2015/02/shsconf_atsi2014_00010.pdf
• [Flury-Lemberg]Mechthild Flury-Lemberg on the restoration and the reweave claim. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n65part5.pdf
• [Conservation]Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin (overview, with references). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin
• [History]History of the Shroud of Turin (overview, with references). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin
• [Frei]Max Frei's plant list. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi03part3.pdf
• [Frei bio]Max Frei-Sulzer, Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/frei-sulzer-max
• [Cadouin]Abbaye de Cadouin and its shroud. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaye_de_Cadouin
• [Arson]"Il maniaco della Sindone," on the 1972 arsonist. https://www.queryonline.it/2020/10/22/il-maniaco-della-sindone/
• [Fire 1997]The 1997 fire, shroud.com. https://www.shroud.com/fire.htm
• [CNA Montevergine]The Shroud at Montevergine, 1939 to 1946. https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/19259/holy-shroud-was-hidden-from-hitlers-grasp-in-benedictine-abbey
• [Walsh]John Walsh, The Shroud (1963), the "no middle ground" passage. https://shroudstory.com/2022/07/08/no-middle-ground/
• [Jehohanan]The crucified man of Giv'at ha-Mivtar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehohanan
• [Visby]Medieval rock-crystal lenses. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby_lenses
• [Museo]Museo della Sindone, Turin. https://www.sindone.it (verify)to verify

Primary: the Church

• [JP II 1998]John Paul II, address in Turin Cathedral, 24 May 1998. https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1998/may/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19980524_sudario.html
• [JP II 1980]John Paul II, Turin, 13 April 1980, recalling his 1978 pilgrimage. https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/it/speeches/1980/april/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19800413_torino.html
• [Benedict 2010]Benedict XVI, meditation before the Shroud, 2 May 2010. https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2010/may/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20100502_meditazione-torino.html
• [Francis 2015]Francis, Turin, 21 June 2015. https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2015/june/documents/papa-francesco_20150621_torino-sindone.html (verify)to verify
• [Hierarchy]Catholic-Hierarchy entries for Ballestrero and Fossati. https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bballes.html and https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bfossati.html
• [Conclave 1978]October 1978 papal conclave. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1978_papal_conclave
• [Sindone 1978]Archdiocese of Turin, the 1978 exposition. https://sindone.org/ostensioni/1978-2/
• [Lourdes]The Sanctuary of Lourdes, the recognized cures. https://www.lourdes-france.com/en/day-pilgrims/the-miracles/
• [Fatima]The Sanctuary of Fatima, approval of 13 October 1930. https://www.fatima.pt/
• [Lanciano]The Eucharistic miracle of Lanciano and the 1971 Linoli examination. (verify: cite Linoli's 1971 report or the sanctuary)to verify
• [Guadalupe]The tilma of Guadalupe. (verify: cite the Basilica or a reference work)to verify
• [Bible]Revised Standard Version. https://www.biblegateway.com/ (RSV)

Primary: Josie Woollam

• [Foley]Charles Foley, "More Than I Went to Ask For," Shroud Spectrum International 15 (1985). https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi15part5.pdf
• [Herald 1978]Catholic Herald, 21 April 1978, front page. https://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/21st-april-1978/1/josie-the-shroud-gave-me-courage-to-live
• [RAF]RAF Museum, "Cheshire and the Bomb." https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/blog/cheshire-and-the-bomb-2/
• [Rinaldi]Father Peter Rinaldi, Shroud News, February 1993. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn075Feb93.pdf

People

• [Rogers wiki]Raymond Rogers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Rogers
• [Heller obit]John Heller obituary, shroud.com. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n42part3.pdf
• [Adler obit]Alan Adler obituary, shroud.com. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n51part6.pdf
• [Gonella obit]Luigi Gonella obituary, shroud.com. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n67part8.pdf
• [Schwortz memoriam]Barrie Schwortz, 1946 to 2024. https://www.shroud.com/barrieschwortzmemoriam.htm
• [Baima Bollone]Pierluigi Baima Bollone, Sindone o no (1990) and later works. (no URL; library citation)to verify

The skeptical literature

• [McCrone]Walter McCrone, Judgement Day for the Shroud of Turin (1996; Prometheus edition 1999); The Microscope 28 (1980) and 29 (1981). (library citation; overview at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_McCrone)to verify
• [Nickell]Joe Nickell, Inquest on the Shroud of Turin (1983; revised 1998). (library citation)to verify
• [Garlaschelli]Luigi Garlaschelli, "Life-size Reproduction of the Shroud of Turin and its Image," Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 54 (2010). (verify URL)to verify
• [Nicolotti]Andrea Nicolotti, The Shroud of Turin: The History and Legends of the World's Most Famous Relic (Baylor University Press, 2020). (library citation)to verify
• [Skeptical Inquirer]Joe Nickell, "Claims of Invalid 'Shroud' Radiocarbon Date Cut from Whole Cloth." https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/claims-of-invalid-ldquoshroudrdquo-radiocarbon-date-cut-from-whole-cloth/
• [Allen]Review of Nicholas Allen's proto-photography theory, shroud.com. https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n42part5.pdf
• [Skeptic's Dictionary]https://skepdic.com/shroud.html

Forensic and medical

• [Barbet]Pierre Barbet, A Doctor at Calvary (English edition 1953). (library citation)to verify
• [Zugibe]Frederick Zugibe, The Crucifixion of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry (2005); summary at https://www.shroud.com/zugibe.htm

Further reading, by camp

For the case for: Ian Wilson, The Shroud (2010); John Heller, Report on the Shroud of Turin (1983). For the case against: Andrea Nicolotti (2020); Joe Nickell (1998). For the science without a verdict: the papers above, which are free at shroud.com. For the history of the arguments: Chemistry World, "The enduring controversy of the Turin Shroud." https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-enduring-controversy-of-the-turin-shroud/6918.article

Not yet reviewed for this site

Two 2026 papers are cited in the literature and have not been read in full by anyone working on this site: a textile study in npj Heritage Science (April 2026) and a study of the 1978 sample archive in Scientific Reports (July 2026). They are not used as sources here.